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<title>GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals: Calls</title>

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<a name="Calls"></a>
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<hr>
<a name="RTL-Representation-of-Function_002dCall-Insns"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.20 RTL Representation of Function-Call Insns</h3>
<a name="index-calling-functions-in-RTL"></a>
<a name="index-RTL-function_002dcall-insns"></a>
<a name="index-function_002dcall-insns"></a>

<p>Insns that call subroutines have the RTL expression code <code>call_insn</code>.
These insns must satisfy special rules, and their bodies must use a special
RTL expression code, <code>call</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-call-usage"></a>
<p>A <code>call</code> expression has two operands, as follows:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(call (mem:<var>fm</var> <var>addr</var>) <var>nbytes</var>)
</pre></div>

<p>Here <var>nbytes</var> is an operand that represents the number of bytes of
argument data being passed to the subroutine, <var>fm</var> is a machine mode
(which must equal as the definition of the <code>FUNCTION_MODE</code> macro in
the machine description) and <var>addr</var> represents the address of the
subroutine.
</p>
<p>For a subroutine that returns no value, the <code>call</code> expression as
shown above is the entire body of the insn, except that the insn might
also contain <code>use</code> or <code>clobber</code> expressions.
</p>
<a name="index-BLKmode_002c-and-function-return-values"></a>
<p>For a subroutine that returns a value whose mode is not <code>BLKmode</code>,
the value is returned in a hard register.  If this register&rsquo;s number is
<var>r</var>, then the body of the call insn looks like this:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(set (reg:<var>m</var> <var>r</var>)
     (call (mem:<var>fm</var> <var>addr</var>) <var>nbytes</var>))
</pre></div>

<p>This RTL expression makes it clear (to the optimizer passes) that the
appropriate register receives a useful value in this insn.
</p>
<p>When a subroutine returns a <code>BLKmode</code> value, it is handled by
passing to the subroutine the address of a place to store the value.
So the call insn itself does not &ldquo;return&rdquo; any value, and it has the
same RTL form as a call that returns nothing.
</p>
<p>On some machines, the call instruction itself clobbers some register,
for example to contain the return address.  <code>call_insn</code> insns
on these machines should have a body which is a <code>parallel</code>
that contains both the <code>call</code> expression and <code>clobber</code>
expressions that indicate which registers are destroyed.  Similarly,
if the call instruction requires some register other than the stack
pointer that is not explicitly mentioned in its RTL, a <code>use</code>
subexpression should mention that register.
</p>
<p>Functions that are called are assumed to modify all registers listed in
the configuration macro <code>CALL_USED_REGISTERS</code> (see <a href="Register-Basics.html#Register-Basics">Register Basics</a>) and, with the exception of <code>const</code> functions and library
calls, to modify all of memory.
</p>
<p>Insns containing just <code>use</code> expressions directly precede the
<code>call_insn</code> insn to indicate which registers contain inputs to the
function.  Similarly, if registers other than those in
<code>CALL_USED_REGISTERS</code> are clobbered by the called function, insns
containing a single <code>clobber</code> follow immediately after the call to
indicate which registers.
</p>
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