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<title>The GNU C Preprocessor Internals: Hash Nodes</title>

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<a name="Hash-Nodes"></a>
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<a name="Hash-Nodes-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Hash Nodes</h2>
<a name="index-hash-table"></a>
<a name="index-identifiers"></a>
<a name="index-macros"></a>
<a name="index-assertions"></a>
<a name="index-named-operators"></a>

<p>When cpplib encounters an &ldquo;identifier&rdquo;, it generates a hash code for
it and stores it in the hash table.  By &ldquo;identifier&rdquo; we mean tokens
with type <code>CPP_NAME</code>; this includes identifiers in the usual C
sense, as well as keywords, directive names, macro names and so on.  For
example, all of <code>pragma</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>foo</code> and
<code>__GNUC__</code> are identifiers and hashed when lexed.
</p>
<p>Each node in the hash table contain various information about the
identifier it represents.  For example, its length and type.  At any one
time, each identifier falls into exactly one of three categories:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Macros

<p>These have been declared to be macros, either on the command line or
with <code>#define</code>.  A few, such as <code>__TIME__</code> are built-ins
entered in the hash table during initialization.  The hash node for a
normal macro points to a structure with more information about the
macro, such as whether it is function-like, how many arguments it takes,
and its expansion.  Built-in macros are flagged as special, and instead
contain an enum indicating which of the various built-in macros it is.
</p>
</li><li> Assertions

<p>Assertions are in a separate namespace to macros.  To enforce this, cpp
actually prepends a <code>#</code> character before hashing and entering it in
the hash table.  An assertion&rsquo;s node points to a chain of answers to
that assertion.
</p>
</li><li> Void

<p>Everything else falls into this category&mdash;an identifier that is not
currently a macro, or a macro that has since been undefined with
<code>#undef</code>.
</p>
<p>When preprocessing C++, this category also includes the named operators,
such as <code>xor</code>.  In expressions these behave like the operators they
represent, but in contexts where the spelling of a token matters they
are spelt differently.  This spelling distinction is relevant when they
are operands of the stringizing and pasting macro operators <code>#</code> and
<code>##</code>.  Named operator hash nodes are flagged, both to catch the
spelling distinction and to prevent them from being defined as macros.
</p></li></ul>

<p>The same identifiers share the same hash node.  Since each identifier
token, after lexing, contains a pointer to its hash node, this is used
to provide rapid lookup of various information.  For example, when
parsing a <code>#define</code> statement, CPP flags each argument&rsquo;s identifier
hash node with the index of that argument.  This makes duplicated
argument checking an O(1) operation for each argument.  Similarly, for
each identifier in the macro&rsquo;s expansion, lookup to see if it is an
argument, and which argument it is, is also an O(1) operation.  Further,
each directive name, such as <code>endif</code>, has an associated directive
enum stored in its hash node, so that directive lookup is also O(1).
</p>
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