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  67. <hr>
  68. <a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"></a>
  69. <h2 class="unnumbered">GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
  70. <a name="index-FDL_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>
  71. <div align="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
  72. </div>
  73. <div class="display">
  74. <pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  75. <a href="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a>
  76. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  77. of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  78. </pre></div>
  79. <ol>
  80. <li> PREAMBLE
  81. <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
  82. functional and useful document <em>free</em> in the sense of freedom: to
  83. assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
  84. with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
  85. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
  86. to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
  87. for modifications made by others.
  88. </p>
  89. <p>This License is a kind of &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;, which means that derivative
  90. works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
  91. complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
  92. license designed for free software.
  93. </p>
  94. <p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
  95. software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
  96. program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
  97. software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
  98. it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
  99. whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
  100. principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
  101. </p>
  102. </li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
  103. <p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
  104. contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
  105. distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
  106. world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
  107. work under the conditions stated herein. The &ldquo;Document&rdquo;, below,
  108. refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
  109. licensee, and is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;. You accept the license if you
  110. copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
  111. under copyright law.
  112. </p>
  113. <p>A &ldquo;Modified Version&rdquo; of the Document means any work containing the
  114. Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
  115. modifications and/or translated into another language.
  116. </p>
  117. <p>A &ldquo;Secondary Section&rdquo; is a named appendix or a front-matter section
  118. of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
  119. publishers or authors of the Document to the Document&rsquo;s overall
  120. subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
  121. directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
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  123. any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
  124. connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
  125. commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
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  127. </p>
  128. <p>The &ldquo;Invariant Sections&rdquo; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
  129. are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
  130. that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
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  133. Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
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  136. <p>The &ldquo;Cover Texts&rdquo; are certain short passages of text that are listed,
  137. as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
  138. the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
  139. be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
  140. </p>
  141. <p>A &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
  142. represented in a format whose specification is available to the
  143. general public, that is suitable for revising the document
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  146. drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
  147. for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
  148. to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
  149. format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
  150. or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
  151. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
  152. of text. A copy that is not &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; is called &ldquo;Opaque&rdquo;.
  153. </p>
  154. <p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
  155. <small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
  156. format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available
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  158. PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples
  159. of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and
  160. <acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
  161. read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
  162. <acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
  163. not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
  164. PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
  165. output purposes only.
  166. </p>
  167. <p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
  168. plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
  169. this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
  170. formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
  171. the text near the most prominent appearance of the work&rsquo;s title,
  172. preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
  173. </p>
  174. <p>The &ldquo;publisher&rdquo; means any person or entity that distributes copies
  175. of the Document to the public.
  176. </p>
  177. <p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
  178. title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
  179. text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
  180. specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
  181. &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.) To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
  182. of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
  183. section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.
  184. </p>
  185. <p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
  186. states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
  187. Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
  188. License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
  189. implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
  190. no effect on the meaning of this License.
  191. </p>
  192. </li><li> VERBATIM COPYING
  193. <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
  194. commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
  195. copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
  196. to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
  197. conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
  198. technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
  199. copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
  200. compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
  201. number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
  202. </p>
  203. <p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
  204. you may publicly display copies.
  205. </p>
  206. </li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY
  207. <p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
  208. printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
  209. Document&rsquo;s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
  210. copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
  211. Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
  212. the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
  213. you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
  214. the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
  215. visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
  216. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
  217. the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
  218. as verbatim copying in other respects.
  219. </p>
  220. <p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
  221. legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
  222. reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
  223. pages.
  224. </p>
  225. <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
  226. more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
  227. copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
  228. a computer-network location from which the general network-using
  229. public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
  230. a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
  231. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
  232. when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
  233. that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
  234. location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
  235. Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
  236. edition to the public.
  237. </p>
  238. <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
  239. Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
  240. them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
  241. </p>
  242. </li><li> MODIFICATIONS
  243. <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
  244. the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
  245. the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
  246. Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
  247. and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
  248. of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
  249. </p>
  250. <ol>
  251. <li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
  252. from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
  253. (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
  254. of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
  255. if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
  256. </li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
  257. responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
  258. Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
  259. Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
  260. unless they release you from this requirement.
  261. </li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
  262. Modified Version, as the publisher.
  263. </li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  264. </li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
  265. adjacent to the other copyright notices.
  266. </li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
  267. giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
  268. terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  269. </li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
  270. and required Cover Texts given in the Document&rsquo;s license notice.
  271. </li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  272. </li><li> Preserve the section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;, Preserve its Title, and add
  273. to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
  274. publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
  275. there is no section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo; in the Document, create one
  276. stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
  277. given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
  278. Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  279. </li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
  280. public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
  281. the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
  282. it was based on. These may be placed in the &ldquo;History&rdquo; section.
  283. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
  284. least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
  285. publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  286. </li><li> For any section Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo; or &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, Preserve
  287. the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
  288. substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
  289. dedications given therein.
  290. </li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
  291. unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
  292. or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
  293. </li><li> Delete any section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;. Such a section
  294. may not be included in the Modified Version.
  295. </li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo; or
  296. to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  297. </li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
  298. </li></ol>
  299. <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
  300. appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
  301. copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
  302. of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
  303. list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version&rsquo;s license notice.
  304. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
  305. </p>
  306. <p>You may add a section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, provided it contains
  307. nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
  308. parties&mdash;for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
  309. been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
  310. standard.
  311. </p>
  312. <p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
  313. passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
  314. of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
  315. Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
  316. through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
  317. includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
  318. by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
  319. you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
  320. permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
  321. </p>
  322. <p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
  323. give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
  324. imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
  325. </p>
  326. </li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS
  327. <p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
  328. License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
  329. versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
  330. Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
  331. list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
  332. license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
  333. </p>
  334. <p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
  335. multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
  336. copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
  337. different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
  338. adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
  339. author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
  340. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
  341. Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
  342. </p>
  343. <p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;
  344. in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
  345. &ldquo;History&rdquo;; likewise combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
  346. and any sections Entitled &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;. You must delete all
  347. sections Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements.&rdquo;
  348. </p>
  349. </li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
  350. <p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
  351. released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
  352. License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
  353. the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
  354. verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
  355. </p>
  356. <p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
  357. it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
  358. License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
  359. other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
  360. </p>
  361. </li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
  362. <p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
  363. and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
  364. distribution medium, is called an &ldquo;aggregate&rdquo; if the copyright
  365. resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
  366. of the compilation&rsquo;s users beyond what the individual works permit.
  367. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
  368. apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
  369. derivative works of the Document.
  370. </p>
  371. <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
  372. copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
  373. the entire aggregate, the Document&rsquo;s Cover Texts may be placed on
  374. covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
  375. electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
  376. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
  377. aggregate.
  378. </p>
  379. </li><li> TRANSLATION
  380. <p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
  381. distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
  382. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
  383. permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
  384. translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
  385. original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
  386. translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
  387. Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
  388. the original English version of this License and the original versions
  389. of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
  390. the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
  391. or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
  392. </p>
  393. <p>If a section in the Document is Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
  394. &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
  395. its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
  396. title.
  397. </p>
  398. </li><li> TERMINATION
  399. <p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
  400. except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
  401. otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
  402. will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
  403. </p>
  404. <p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
  405. from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
  406. unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
  407. terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
  408. fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
  409. 60 days after the cessation.
  410. </p>
  411. <p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
  412. reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
  413. violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
  414. received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
  415. copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
  416. your receipt of the notice.
  417. </p>
  418. <p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
  419. licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
  420. this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
  421. reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
  422. not give you any rights to use it.
  423. </p>
  424. </li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
  425. <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
  426. of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
  427. versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
  428. differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
  429. <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.
  430. </p>
  431. <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
  432. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
  433. License &ldquo;or any later version&rdquo; applies to it, you have the option of
  434. following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
  435. of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
  436. Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
  437. number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
  438. as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
  439. specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
  440. License can be used, that proxy&rsquo;s public statement of acceptance of a
  441. version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
  442. Document.
  443. </p>
  444. </li><li> RELICENSING
  445. <p>&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC Site&rdquo;) means any
  446. World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
  447. provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
  448. public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
  449. &ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC&rdquo;) contained in the
  450. site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
  451. site.
  452. </p>
  453. <p>&ldquo;CC-BY-SA&rdquo; means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
  454. license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
  455. corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
  456. California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
  457. published by that same organization.
  458. </p>
  459. <p>&ldquo;Incorporate&rdquo; means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
  460. in part, as part of another Document.
  461. </p>
  462. <p>An MMC is &ldquo;eligible for relicensing&rdquo; if it is licensed under this
  463. License, and if all works that were first published under this License
  464. somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
  465. or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
  466. and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
  467. </p>
  468. <p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
  469. under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
  470. provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
  471. </p>
  472. </li></ol>
  473. <a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a>
  474. <h3 class="unnumberedsec">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
  475. <p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
  476. the License in the document and put the following copyright and
  477. license notices just after the title page:
  478. </p>
  479. <div class="smallexample">
  480. <pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>.
  481. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  482. under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  483. or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  484. with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  485. Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  486. Free Documentation License''.
  487. </pre></div>
  488. <p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
  489. replace the &ldquo;with...Texts.&rdquo; line with this:
  490. </p>
  491. <div class="smallexample">
  492. <pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
  493. the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
  494. being <var>list</var>.
  495. </pre></div>
  496. <p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
  497. combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
  498. situation.
  499. </p>
  500. <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
  501. recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
  502. free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
  503. to permit their use in free software.
  504. </p>
  505. <hr>
  506. <div class="header">
  507. <p>
  508. Next: <a href="Index-of-Directives.html#Index-of-Directives" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index of Directives</a>, Previous: <a href="Environment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment Variables</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index-of-Directives.html#Index-of-Directives" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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