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<a name="M68K_002dBranch"></a>
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<p>
Next: <a href="M68K_002dChars.html#M68K_002dChars" accesskey="n" rel="next">M68K-Chars</a>, Up: <a href="M68K_002dopcodes.html#M68K_002dopcodes" accesskey="u" rel="up">M68K-opcodes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<hr>
<a name="Branch-Improvement"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">9.23.6.1 Branch Improvement</h4>

<a name="index-pseudo_002dopcodes_002c-M680x0"></a>
<a name="index-M680x0-pseudo_002dopcodes"></a>
<a name="index-branch-improvement_002c-M680x0"></a>
<a name="index-M680x0-branch-improvement"></a>
<p>Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
target.  Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting &lsquo;<samp>j</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; at the start of a Motorola mnemonic.
</p>
<p>The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations.  A <code>*</code> flags
cases that are more fully described after the table:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">          Displacement
          +------------------------------------------------------------
          |                68020           68000/10, not PC-relative OK
Pseudo-Op |BYTE    WORD    LONG            ABSOLUTE LONG JUMP    **
          +------------------------------------------------------------
     jbsr |bsrs    bsrw    bsrl            jsr
      jra |bras    braw    bral            jmp
*     jXX |bXXs    bXXw    bXXl            bNXs;jmp
*    dbXX | N/A    dbXXw   dbXX;bras;bral  dbXX;bras;jmp
     fjXX | N/A    fbXXw   fbXXl            N/A

XX: condition
NX: negative of condition XX

</pre></div>
<div align="center"><code>*</code>&mdash;see full description below
</div><div align="center"><code>**</code>&mdash;this expansion mode is disallowed by &lsquo;<samp>--pcrel</samp>&rsquo;
</div>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>jbsr</code></dt>
<dt><code>jra</code></dt>
<dd><p>These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
branch target.  This instruction will be a byte or word branch is that
is sufficient.  Otherwise, a long branch will be emitted if available.
If no long branches are available and the &lsquo;<samp>--pcrel</samp>&rsquo; option is not
given, an absolute long jump will be emitted instead.  If no long
branches are available, the &lsquo;<samp>--pcrel</samp>&rsquo; option is given, and a word
branch cannot reach the target, an error message is generated.
</p>
<p>In addition to standard branch operands, <code>as</code> allows these
pseudo-operations to have all operands that are allowed for jsr and jmp,
substituting these instructions if the operand given is not valid for a
branch instruction.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>j<var>XX</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Here, &lsquo;<samp>j<var>XX</var></samp>&rsquo; stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
where <var>XX</var> is a conditional branch or condition-code test.  The full
list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample"> jhi   jls   jcc   jcs   jne   jeq   jvc
 jvs   jpl   jmi   jge   jlt   jgt   jle
</pre></div>

<p>Usually, each of these pseudo-operations expands to a single branch
instruction.  However, if a word branch is not sufficient, no long branches
are available, and the &lsquo;<samp>--pcrel</samp>&rsquo; option is not given, <code>as</code>
issues a longer code fragment in terms of <var>NX</var>, the opposite condition
to <var>XX</var>.  For example, under these conditions:
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">    j<var>XX</var> foo
</pre></div>
<p>gives
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">     b<var>NX</var>s oof
     jmp foo
 oof:
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>db<var>XX</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample"> dbhi   dbls   dbcc   dbcs   dbne   dbeq   dbvc
 dbvs   dbpl   dbmi   dbge   dblt   dbgt   dble
 dbf    dbra   dbt
</pre></div>

<p>Motorola &lsquo;<samp>db<var>XX</var></samp>&rsquo; instructions allow word displacements only.  When
a word displacement is sufficient, each of these pseudo-operations expands
to the corresponding Motorola instruction.  When a word displacement is not
sufficient and long branches are available, when the source reads
&lsquo;<samp>db<var>XX</var> foo</samp>&rsquo;, <code>as</code> emits
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">     db<var>XX</var> oo1
     bras oo2
 oo1:bral foo
 oo2:
</pre></div>

<p>If, however, long branches are not available and the &lsquo;<samp>--pcrel</samp>&rsquo; option is
not given, <code>as</code> emits
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">     db<var>XX</var> oo1
     bras oo2
 oo1:jmp foo
 oo2:
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>fj<var>XX</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>This family includes
</p><div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample"> fjne   fjeq   fjge   fjlt   fjgt   fjle   fjf
 fjt    fjgl   fjgle  fjnge  fjngl  fjngle fjngt
 fjnle  fjnlt  fjoge  fjogl  fjogt  fjole  fjolt
 fjor   fjseq  fjsf   fjsne  fjst   fjueq  fjuge
 fjugt  fjule  fjult  fjun
</pre></div>

<p>Each of these pseudo-operations always expands to a single Motorola
coprocessor branch instruction, word or long.  All Motorola coprocessor
branch instructions allow both word and long displacements.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

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Next: <a href="M68K_002dChars.html#M68K_002dChars" accesskey="n" rel="next">M68K-Chars</a>, Up: <a href="M68K_002dopcodes.html#M68K_002dopcodes" accesskey="u" rel="up">M68K-opcodes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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