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<title>Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): SPARC Options</title>

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<a name="SPARC-Options"></a>
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<p>
Next: <a href="SPU-Options.html#SPU-Options" accesskey="n" rel="next">SPU Options</a>, Previous: <a href="Solaris-2-Options.html#Solaris-2-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Solaris 2 Options</a>, Up: <a href="Submodel-Options.html#Submodel-Options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Submodel Options</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<a name="SPARC-Options-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.18.45 SPARC Options</h4>
<a name="index-SPARC-options"></a>

<p>These &lsquo;<samp>-m</samp>&rsquo; options are supported on the SPARC:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>-mno-app-regs</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mapp-regs</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mno_002dapp_002dregs"></a>
<a name="index-mapp_002dregs"></a>
<p>Specify <samp>-mapp-regs</samp> to generate output using the global registers
2 through 4, which the SPARC SVR4 ABI reserves for applications.  Like the
global register 1, each global register 2 through 4 is then treated as an
allocable register that is clobbered by function calls.  This is the default.
</p>
<p>To be fully SVR4 ABI-compliant at the cost of some performance loss,
specify <samp>-mno-app-regs</samp>.  You should compile libraries and system
software with this option.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mflat</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-flat</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mflat"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dflat"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mflat</samp>, the compiler does not generate save/restore instructions
and uses a &ldquo;flat&rdquo; or single register window model.  This model is compatible
with the regular register window model.  The local registers and the input
registers (0&ndash;5) are still treated as &ldquo;call-saved&rdquo; registers and are
saved on the stack as needed.
</p>
<p>With <samp>-mno-flat</samp> (the default), the compiler generates save/restore
instructions (except for leaf functions).  This is the normal operating mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfpu</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mhard-float</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfpu-4"></a>
<a name="index-mhard_002dfloat-6"></a>
<p>Generate output containing floating-point instructions.  This is the
default.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mno-fpu</code></dt>
<dt><code>-msoft-float</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mno_002dfpu"></a>
<a name="index-msoft_002dfloat-10"></a>
<p>Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
<strong>Warning:</strong> the requisite libraries are not available for all SPARC
targets.  Normally the facilities of the machine&rsquo;s usual C compiler are
used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.  You must make
your own arrangements to provide suitable library functions for
cross-compilation.  The embedded targets &lsquo;<samp>sparc-*-aout</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>sparclite-*-*</samp>&rsquo; do provide software floating-point support.
</p>
<p><samp>-msoft-float</samp> changes the calling convention in the output file;
therefore, it is only useful if you compile <em>all</em> of a program with
this option.  In particular, you need to compile <samp>libgcc.a</samp>, the
library that comes with GCC, with <samp>-msoft-float</samp> in order for
this to work.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mhard-quad-float</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mhard_002dquad_002dfloat"></a>
<p>Generate output containing quad-word (long double) floating-point
instructions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-msoft-quad-float</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-msoft_002dquad_002dfloat"></a>
<p>Generate output containing library calls for quad-word (long double)
floating-point instructions.  The functions called are those specified
in the SPARC ABI.  This is the default.
</p>
<p>As of this writing, there are no SPARC implementations that have hardware
support for the quad-word floating-point instructions.  They all invoke
a trap handler for one of these instructions, and then the trap handler
emulates the effect of the instruction.  Because of the trap handler overhead,
this is much slower than calling the ABI library routines.  Thus the
<samp>-msoft-quad-float</samp> option is the default.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mno-unaligned-doubles</code></dt>
<dt><code>-munaligned-doubles</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mno_002dunaligned_002ddoubles"></a>
<a name="index-munaligned_002ddoubles"></a>
<p>Assume that doubles have 8-byte alignment.  This is the default.
</p>
<p>With <samp>-munaligned-doubles</samp>, GCC assumes that doubles have 8-byte
alignment only if they are contained in another type, or if they have an
absolute address.  Otherwise, it assumes they have 4-byte alignment.
Specifying this option avoids some rare compatibility problems with code
generated by other compilers.  It is not the default because it results
in a performance loss, especially for floating-point code.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-muser-mode</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-user-mode</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-muser_002dmode"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002duser_002dmode"></a>
<p>Do not generate code that can only run in supervisor mode.  This is relevant
only for the <code>casa</code> instruction emitted for the LEON3 processor.  This
is the default.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfaster-structs</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-faster-structs</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfaster_002dstructs"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dfaster_002dstructs"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mfaster-structs</samp>, the compiler assumes that structures
should have 8-byte alignment.  This enables the use of pairs of
<code>ldd</code> and <code>std</code> instructions for copies in structure
assignment, in place of twice as many <code>ld</code> and <code>st</code> pairs.
However, the use of this changed alignment directly violates the SPARC
ABI.  Thus, it&rsquo;s intended only for use on targets where the developer
acknowledges that their resulting code is not directly in line with
the rules of the ABI.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mstd-struct-return</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-std-struct-return</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mstd_002dstruct_002dreturn"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dstd_002dstruct_002dreturn"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mstd-struct-return</samp>, the compiler generates checking code
in functions returning structures or unions to detect size mismatches
between the two sides of function calls, as per the 32-bit ABI.
</p>
<p>The default is <samp>-mno-std-struct-return</samp>.  This option has no effect
in 64-bit mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mlra</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-lra</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mlra-3"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dlra"></a>
<p>Enable Local Register Allocation.  This is the default for SPARC since GCC 7
so <samp>-mno-lra</samp> needs to be passed to get old Reload.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mcpu=<var>cpu_type</var></code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mcpu-11"></a>
<p>Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling parameters
for machine type <var>cpu_type</var>.  Supported values for <var>cpu_type</var> are
&lsquo;<samp>v7</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>cypress</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>v8</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>supersparc</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>hypersparc</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>leon</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>leon3</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>leon3v7</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>sparclite</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>f930</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>f934</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>sparclite86x</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>sparclet</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>tsc701</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>v9</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>ultrasparc</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>ultrasparc3</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara2</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>niagara3</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara4</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara7</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>m8</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>Native Solaris and GNU/Linux toolchains also support the value &lsquo;<samp>native</samp>&rsquo;,
which selects the best architecture option for the host processor.
<samp>-mcpu=native</samp> has no effect if GCC does not recognize
the processor.
</p>
<p>Default instruction scheduling parameters are used for values that select
an architecture and not an implementation.  These are &lsquo;<samp>v7</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>v8</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>sparclite</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>sparclet</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>v9</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>Here is a list of each supported architecture and their supported
implementations.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>v7</dt>
<dd><p>cypress, leon3v7
</p>
</dd>
<dt>v8</dt>
<dd><p>supersparc, hypersparc, leon, leon3
</p>
</dd>
<dt>sparclite</dt>
<dd><p>f930, f934, sparclite86x
</p>
</dd>
<dt>sparclet</dt>
<dd><p>tsc701
</p>
</dd>
<dt>v9</dt>
<dd><p>ultrasparc, ultrasparc3, niagara, niagara2, niagara3, niagara4,
niagara7, m8
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>By default (unless configured otherwise), GCC generates code for the V7
variant of the SPARC architecture.  With <samp>-mcpu=cypress</samp>, the compiler
additionally optimizes it for the Cypress CY7C602 chip, as used in the
SPARCStation/SPARCServer 3xx series.  This is also appropriate for the older
SPARCStation 1, 2, IPX etc.
</p>
<p>With <samp>-mcpu=v8</samp>, GCC generates code for the V8 variant of the SPARC
architecture.  The only difference from V7 code is that the compiler emits
the integer multiply and integer divide instructions which exist in SPARC-V8
but not in SPARC-V7.  With <samp>-mcpu=supersparc</samp>, the compiler additionally
optimizes it for the SuperSPARC chip, as used in the SPARCStation 10, 1000 and
2000 series.
</p>
<p>With <samp>-mcpu=sparclite</samp>, GCC generates code for the SPARClite variant of
the SPARC architecture.  This adds the integer multiply, integer divide step
and scan (<code>ffs</code>) instructions which exist in SPARClite but not in SPARC-V7.
With <samp>-mcpu=f930</samp>, the compiler additionally optimizes it for the
Fujitsu MB86930 chip, which is the original SPARClite, with no FPU.  With
<samp>-mcpu=f934</samp>, the compiler additionally optimizes it for the Fujitsu
MB86934 chip, which is the more recent SPARClite with FPU.
</p>
<p>With <samp>-mcpu=sparclet</samp>, GCC generates code for the SPARClet variant of
the SPARC architecture.  This adds the integer multiply, multiply/accumulate,
integer divide step and scan (<code>ffs</code>) instructions which exist in SPARClet
but not in SPARC-V7.  With <samp>-mcpu=tsc701</samp>, the compiler additionally
optimizes it for the TEMIC SPARClet chip.
</p>
<p>With <samp>-mcpu=v9</samp>, GCC generates code for the V9 variant of the SPARC
architecture.  This adds 64-bit integer and floating-point move instructions,
3 additional floating-point condition code registers and conditional move
instructions.  With <samp>-mcpu=ultrasparc</samp>, the compiler additionally
optimizes it for the Sun UltraSPARC I/II/IIi chips.  With
<samp>-mcpu=ultrasparc3</samp>, the compiler additionally optimizes it for the
Sun UltraSPARC III/III+/IIIi/IIIi+/IV/IV+ chips.  With
<samp>-mcpu=niagara</samp>, the compiler additionally optimizes it for
Sun UltraSPARC T1 chips.  With <samp>-mcpu=niagara2</samp>, the compiler
additionally optimizes it for Sun UltraSPARC T2 chips. With
<samp>-mcpu=niagara3</samp>, the compiler additionally optimizes it for Sun
UltraSPARC T3 chips.  With <samp>-mcpu=niagara4</samp>, the compiler
additionally optimizes it for Sun UltraSPARC T4 chips.  With
<samp>-mcpu=niagara7</samp>, the compiler additionally optimizes it for
Oracle SPARC M7 chips.  With <samp>-mcpu=m8</samp>, the compiler
additionally optimizes it for Oracle M8 chips.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mtune=<var>cpu_type</var></code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mtune-13"></a>
<p>Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
<var>cpu_type</var>, but do not set the instruction set or register set that the
option <samp>-mcpu=<var>cpu_type</var></samp> does.
</p>
<p>The same values for <samp>-mcpu=<var>cpu_type</var></samp> can be used for
<samp>-mtune=<var>cpu_type</var></samp>, but the only useful values are those
that select a particular CPU implementation.  Those are
&lsquo;<samp>cypress</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>supersparc</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>hypersparc</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>leon</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>leon3</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>leon3v7</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>f930</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>f934</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>sparclite86x</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>tsc701</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>ultrasparc</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>ultrasparc3</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara2</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara3</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>niagara4</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>niagara7</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>m8</samp>&rsquo;.  With native Solaris
and GNU/Linux toolchains, &lsquo;<samp>native</samp>&rsquo; can also be used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mv8plus</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-v8plus</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mv8plus"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dv8plus"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mv8plus</samp>, GCC generates code for the SPARC-V8+ ABI.  The
difference from the V8 ABI is that the global and out registers are
considered 64 bits wide.  This is enabled by default on Solaris in 32-bit
mode for all SPARC-V9 processors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mvis</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-vis</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mvis"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dvis"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mvis</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the UltraSPARC
Visual Instruction Set extensions.  The default is <samp>-mno-vis</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mvis2</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-vis2</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mvis2"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dvis2"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mvis2</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of
version 2.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions.  The
default is <samp>-mvis2</samp> when targeting a cpu that supports such
instructions, such as UltraSPARC-III and later.  Setting <samp>-mvis2</samp>
also sets <samp>-mvis</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mvis3</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-vis3</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mvis3"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dvis3"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mvis3</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of
version 3.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions.  The
default is <samp>-mvis3</samp> when targeting a cpu that supports such
instructions, such as niagara-3 and later.  Setting <samp>-mvis3</samp>
also sets <samp>-mvis2</samp> and <samp>-mvis</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mvis4</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-vis4</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mvis4"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dvis4"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mvis4</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of
version 4.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions.  The
default is <samp>-mvis4</samp> when targeting a cpu that supports such
instructions, such as niagara-7 and later.  Setting <samp>-mvis4</samp>
also sets <samp>-mvis3</samp>, <samp>-mvis2</samp> and <samp>-mvis</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mvis4b</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-vis4b</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mvis4b"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dvis4b"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mvis4b</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of
version 4.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions, plus
the additional VIS instructions introduced in the Oracle SPARC
Architecture 2017.  The default is <samp>-mvis4b</samp> when targeting a
cpu that supports such instructions, such as m8 and later.  Setting
<samp>-mvis4b</samp> also sets <samp>-mvis4</samp>, <samp>-mvis3</samp>,
<samp>-mvis2</samp> and <samp>-mvis</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mcbcond</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-cbcond</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mcbcond"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dcbcond"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mcbcond</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the UltraSPARC
Compare-and-Branch-on-Condition instructions.  The default is <samp>-mcbcond</samp>
when targeting a CPU that supports such instructions, such as Niagara-4 and
later.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfmaf</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-fmaf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfmaf"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dfmaf"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mfmaf</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the UltraSPARC
Fused Multiply-Add Floating-point instructions.  The default is <samp>-mfmaf</samp>
when targeting a CPU that supports such instructions, such as Niagara-3 and
later.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfsmuld</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-fsmuld</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfsmuld"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dfsmuld"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mfsmuld</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
Floating-point Multiply Single to Double (FsMULd) instruction.  The default is
<samp>-mfsmuld</samp> when targeting a CPU supporting the architecture versions V8
or V9 with FPU except <samp>-mcpu=leon</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mpopc</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-popc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mpopc"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dpopc"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mpopc</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the UltraSPARC
Population Count instruction.  The default is <samp>-mpopc</samp>
when targeting a CPU that supports such an instruction, such as Niagara-2 and
later.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-msubxc</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-subxc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-msubxc"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dsubxc"></a>
<p>With <samp>-msubxc</samp>, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the UltraSPARC
Subtract-Extended-with-Carry instruction.  The default is <samp>-msubxc</samp>
when targeting a CPU that supports such an instruction, such as Niagara-7 and
later.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfix-at697f</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfix_002dat697f"></a>
<p>Enable the documented workaround for the single erratum of the Atmel AT697F
processor (which corresponds to erratum #13 of the AT697E processor).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfix-ut699</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfix_002dut699"></a>
<p>Enable the documented workarounds for the floating-point errata and the data
cache nullify errata of the UT699 processor.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfix-ut700</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfix_002dut700"></a>
<p>Enable the documented workaround for the back-to-back store errata of
the UT699E/UT700 processor.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mfix-gr712rc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mfix_002dgr712rc"></a>
<p>Enable the documented workaround for the back-to-back store errata of
the GR712RC processor.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>These &lsquo;<samp>-m</samp>&rsquo; options are supported in addition to the above
on SPARC-V9 processors in 64-bit environments:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>-m32</code></dt>
<dt><code>-m64</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-m32-2"></a>
<a name="index-m64-3"></a>
<p>Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment.
The 32-bit environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits.
The 64-bit environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer
to 64 bits.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mcmodel=<var>which</var></code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mcmodel-1"></a>
<p>Set the code model to one of
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>medlow</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>The Medium/Low code model: 64-bit addresses, programs
must be linked in the low 32 bits of memory.  Programs can be statically
or dynamically linked.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>medmid</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>The Medium/Middle code model: 64-bit addresses, programs
must be linked in the low 44 bits of memory, the text and data segments must
be less than 2GB in size and the data segment must be located within 2GB of
the text segment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>medany</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>The Medium/Anywhere code model: 64-bit addresses, programs
may be linked anywhere in memory, the text and data segments must be less
than 2GB in size and the data segment must be located within 2GB of the
text segment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>embmedany</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>The Medium/Anywhere code model for embedded systems:
64-bit addresses, the text and data segments must be less than 2GB in
size, both starting anywhere in memory (determined at link time).  The
global register %g4 points to the base of the data segment.  Programs
are statically linked and PIC is not supported.
</p></dd>
</dl>

</dd>
<dt><code>-mmemory-model=<var>mem-model</var></code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mmemory_002dmodel"></a>
<p>Set the memory model in force on the processor to one of
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>default</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>The default memory model for the processor and operating system.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>rmo</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Relaxed Memory Order
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>pso</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Partial Store Order
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>tso</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Total Store Order
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>sc</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Sequential Consistency
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>These memory models are formally defined in Appendix D of the SPARC-V9
architecture manual, as set in the processor&rsquo;s <code>PSTATE.MM</code> field.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>-mstack-bias</code></dt>
<dt><code>-mno-stack-bias</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mstack_002dbias"></a>
<a name="index-mno_002dstack_002dbias"></a>
<p>With <samp>-mstack-bias</samp>, GCC assumes that the stack pointer, and
frame pointer if present, are offset by -2047 which must be added back
when making stack frame references.  This is the default in 64-bit mode.
Otherwise, assume no such offset is present.
</p></dd>
</dl>

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