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<a name="Modifiers"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="Machine-Constraints.html#Machine-Constraints" accesskey="n" rel="next">Machine Constraints</a>, Previous: <a href="Multi_002dAlternative.html#Multi_002dAlternative" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Multi-Alternative</a>, Up: <a href="Constraints.html#Constraints" accesskey="u" rel="up">Constraints</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<hr>
<a name="Constraint-Modifier-Characters"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">6.45.3.3 Constraint Modifier Characters</h4>
<a name="index-modifiers-in-constraints"></a>
<a name="index-constraint-modifier-characters"></a>

<p>Here are constraint modifier characters.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><a name="index-_003d-in-constraint"></a>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Means that this operand is written to by this instruction:
the previous value is discarded and replaced by new data.
</p>
<a name="index-_002b-in-constraint"></a>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Means that this operand is both read and written by the instruction.
</p>
<p>When the compiler fixes up the operands to satisfy the constraints,
it needs to know which operands are read by the instruction and
which are written by it.  &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; identifies an operand which is only
written; &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; identifies an operand that is both read and written; all
other operands are assumed to only be read.
</p>
<p>If you specify &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; in a constraint, you put it in the
first character of the constraint string.
</p>
<a name="index-_0026-in-constraint"></a>
<a name="index-earlyclobber-operand"></a>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Means (in a particular alternative) that this operand is an
<em>earlyclobber</em> operand, which is written before the instruction is
finished using the input operands.  Therefore, this operand may not lie
in a register that is read by the instruction or as part of any memory
address.
</p>
<p>&lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; applies only to the alternative in which it is written.  In
constraints with multiple alternatives, sometimes one alternative
requires &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; while others do not.  See, for example, the
&lsquo;<samp>movdf</samp>&rsquo; insn of the 68000.
</p>
<p>A operand which is read by the instruction can be tied to an earlyclobber
operand if its only use as an input occurs before the early result is
written.  Adding alternatives of this form often allows GCC to produce
better code when only some of the read operands can be affected by the
earlyclobber. See, for example, the &lsquo;<samp>mulsi3</samp>&rsquo; insn of the ARM.
</p>
<p>Furthermore, if the <em>earlyclobber</em> operand is also a read/write
operand, then that operand is written only after it&rsquo;s used.
</p>
<p>&lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; does not obviate the need to write &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo;.  As
<em>earlyclobber</em> operands are always written, a read-only
<em>earlyclobber</em> operand is ill-formed and will be rejected by the
compiler.
</p>
<a name="index-_0025-in-constraint"></a>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Declares the instruction to be commutative for this operand and the
following operand.  This means that the compiler may interchange the
two operands if that is the cheapest way to make all operands fit the
constraints.  &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; applies to all alternatives and must appear as
the first character in the constraint.  Only read-only operands can use
&lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>GCC can only handle one commutative pair in an asm; if you use more,
the compiler may fail.  Note that you need not use the modifier if
the two alternatives are strictly identical; this would only waste
time in the reload pass.
</p></dd>
</dl>

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